Demographic+and+environmental+changes

=Demographic and Environmental Changes = // **Analyze the migration patterns of this period ** **. **// • Huge migration movements, mostly to the Americas from Europe and Asia: -Growing middle class -Westward migration -Trail of Tears* -European indentured servants and criminals to colonies -Chinese to Americas and Southeast Asia as Qing dynasty was declining -Atlantic Slave Trade -Irish Potato Famine -Berlin Conference* -European colonies in Africa
 * Also,** there was migration from country to city in search of factory jobs available from industrialization;middle classes and elite moved away from swarmed cities


 * //Trail of Tears :// Relocation and movement of Native Americans in United States from their homelands. The trip was cruel, with harsh weather and conditions, famine, and disease. Many died.
 * //Berlin Conferenc e:// How to divide Africa between the European colonies.

**What are the causes of the end of the Atlantic slave trade?** • Defeat of Napoleon **shifts control** of South Africa to British • People in Britain, Portugal, and parts of Europe began to develop **opposition** against the slave trade. • This opposition started from e**nlightenment thinking**, when people started to realize that slavery was wrong (//obviously//) • Quakers and Evangelicals led the movement and were joined by many but opposed by the owners of the colonial holdings. • Denmark was the first country to **ban** the trade through legislation in 1792 • Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 and The Royal Navy declared that **slaving was equal to piracy** and punishable by death • Revolutions such as the **Haitian Revolution** began slave uprisings which led to fear of more revolutions so the number of slaves decreased.

**What impact did the changes in global commerce, communications, and technology have on birthrate patterns, medicine and food supply?**


 * I**ndustrial** countries birthrates went **down**
 * **Undeveloped** birthrates went **up** as they needed more children workers to support themselves

•

- Children as part of the labor force - cost of raising and educating children -availability o private and public pension - urbanization - educational and employment opportunities for women -infant mortality rate - availability off legal abortions - availability of birth control methods - religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms.
 * Several factors affect birth and fertility rates:**

-increased food supply and distribution -better nutrition - medical advances - improved sanitation
 * People Live Longer and Fewer Are Dying, Why?**

__//Demographic transition//__ took place- stages: -preindustrial -transitional -industrial -postindustrial



In the 1900's there were no mass immunizations against major killers such as measles, neither were there antibiotics. Families were considerably larger, since birth control was in its infancy; the birth rate was 31 births for every 1000 people in 1890, 26 for every 1000 in 1900, but by 2000 was down to 13 for every 1000. But childhood diseases meant that infant mortality was very much higher then than it is now.


 * //Cultural factors//**; changes in average age of marriage, expectations of family size, age/sex selective migration patterns, birth control. Cultural change lagged behind economic change: hence big rise. One should also note differences in countries where conditions are otherwise similar e.g. Flemish/Waloon difference follow language cleavage.

__Terms __
**Birth rate (or crude birth rate)**: The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Not to be confused with the growth rate. **Death rate (or crude death rate)**: The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. **Demographic transition**: The historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population. The decline of mortality usually precedes the decline in fertility, thus producing rapid population growth during the transition period. **Emigration**: The process of leaving one country to take up permanent or semipermanent residence in another. **Growth rate**: The number of persons added to (or subtracted from) a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration; expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period. **Immigration**: The process of entering one country from another to take up permanent or semipermanent residence **Less developed countries**: Less developed countries include all countries in Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), and Latin America and the Caribbean, and the regions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. **More developed countries**: More developed countries include all countries in Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. **Mortality**: Deaths as a component of population change. **Rate of natural increase**: The rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths, expressed as a percentage of the base population. **Total fertility rate (TFR)**: The number of children women are having today. The average number of children that would be born alive to a women during her childbearing years if she conformed to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year.

Sources**: Princeton AP Review, Wikipedia, Stearns Book**