Questions+of+Periodization+1750-1914

**Political**
Causes Effects Evidence
 * Adam Smith wrote in //The Wealth of Nations// that economic prosperity was best achieved though private ownership and individuals should have the right to sell their products in a free and open market where the demand for products would determine their prices and availability. Marxism - the belief that the working class would eventually revolt and take control of the means of production.
 * This led to a free market system, also known as capitalism. Marxism served as a foundation of socialism and communism. IMPERIALISM.
 * A greater amount of people (mainly middle class) started to realize how inhumane the factory system had become and began to do something about it. European imperialism in India, China (Opium Wars), Africa (slave trade ends), but not in Japan (b/c isolated, but eventually westernizes in Meiji Restoration). American and French revolutions-- Napoleon taking control for France-- political instability-- congress of Vienna to balance power.

**Economic**
Causes Effects Evidence
 * Imperialism-- need for additional resources-- prosperity and technology for the country.
 * Economy dramatically improved; regions with new technology were able to easily conquer regions which have not yet began to industrialize; innovations such as the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, cotton gin, steam engine, steamship, steam powered locomotive were invented which sped up many of the slower processes during that time such as transportation. The telegraph, telephone, light bulb, internal combustion engine, radio,and airplane were also invented.
 * Britain became the most powerful country in the 19th century. Interchangeable parts and assembly line made manufacturing much faster and every worker only had to know how to do their one job. Led to increased availability of jobs. URBANIZATION - when people from rural areas moved to cities.

Causes Effects Evidence
 * Religious**
 * Intellectual ideas began to play a larger role and religion stayed the same or decreased.
 * Christianity branched off into different sections.
 * Christianity branched into more and more religions. Lutheran-- Calvinism-- Catholic church had to win back some credibility.

Causes Effects Evidence
 * Social**
 * all the dramatic transformations that took place (Industrial Revolution).
 * Women began to: work and earn some money, get an education, and protest for more rights. However, they still were not equal to men. Children also worked but for very little pay.
 * Women were now allowed to a limited education, a small paycheck, but still were not allowed to take advantage of professional opportunities; most western countries opened universities education to women. Women's suffrage movement in Britain gave women the right ot vote. Slavery was outlawed in most countries (started in Britain and U.S.)

**Intellectual/ Artistic:**
Intellectual: Artistic: Intellectual: Artistic: Intellectual: Artistic:
 * __Causes__**-
 * While the rest of the world wa sindustrializing, there were huge advances in medicine and science.
 * The hardships of factory workers were documented.
 * __Effects__**-
 * Pasteurization and vaccinations were developed.
 * Several writers began to capture the despair of factory workers
 * __Evidence__**-
 * Charles Darwin developed the concept of evolution and natural selection, social Darwinists believed in survival of the fittest. Rudyard kipling and poem, "White Man's Burden."
 * Charles Dickens wrote about the hopelessness of the daily lives of factory workers.

Sources: Jiann Mok (from 2008,) Princeton Review, AP World Textbook. Thanks to Aurora Rivera (TA from period 1)