2.+Changes+in+trade,+technology,+and+global+interactions

Sources: Princeton Review 157-186 >>
 * __A. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION __**
 * Exploration before late 15th century was limited to land
 * The introduction of ships led to explorations across Europe.
 * Many nations wanted to eliminate Muslim middlemen b y discovering efficient trade routes to Asia, Portugal, and Spain.
 * Portugal, Spain, England, Netherlands, and France sooned launched expeditions
 * The cost and risk associated with explorations made it necessary for explorers to rely on on the backing of strong and wealthy states
 * China does not take much part in exploration; They believe that they are the center of the world, and that there is not any place better than china...Also, they believed exploration was a waste of money
 * Colonialism and the expansion of the trade routes contributed to the rise in nationalism a nd the development of strong monarchies
 * Increase in European trade spawned a search for new efficient trade routes on the seas
 * Portugal was strategically placed (geographically) to be the leader of the explorations.
 * Portugal had long standing trade relations with Muslim nations, and was led by a royal family that financed exploration
 * In 1488, Portugal financed Bartholomew Dias, who rounded the Cape of Good Hope first.
 * In 1497, Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, explored the east African Kingdoms, and then went all the way to India, where he established trade relations.
 * [[image:dagamamap.gif align="center" caption="Vasco De Gamma's Route "]]


 * Spain financed Christopher Colombus' voyages.
 * Stumbled upon the Americas
 * TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
 * Drawn up becasue of fighting over land in America between Spain and Portugal.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Set up a line of separation on a longitudinal line that runs through the Western Atlantic Ocean.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">East of the line= Portugal
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Brazil happened to fall into Portugal's share and that is why in present day Brazil they speak Portuguese
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">West of line= Spain
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Because a majority of the land lied in the west, <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">Spain became very powerful quickly because of this.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">[[image:165945.JPG.jpeg caption="Treaty of Tordesillas Seperation line "]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the tip of South America to the Pacific ocean for Portugal in 1519. He died in the Philippines but his crew continued and became first to circumnavigate the globe.
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Very similar to a <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">feudal system
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Set up in "New Spain" to govern the new land
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Different levels of power
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Peninsulars were land owners
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Crillos (Creoles) had Spanish parents but were born in the new world. Had power but were looked down upon by other native Spaniards.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Mestizos were of other European ancestry and were looked down upon even further
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Mulattos were slaves of African descent who were later brought in to ease the work done by Native Americans (Ironic!)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">On the bottom was the Native Americans who worked long and hard typically in mines. They received the least respect and were treated most poorly.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Slave trade at this time was beginning to pick up steam because of new demand for labor in European colonies.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">More Explorers:
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Amerigo Vespucci: Explored South America around 1500; America named after him
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Ponce de Leon: In 1513, explored Florida for Spain in search of the fountain of youth
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Vasco de Balboa: In 1513, explored Central America for Spain; laid eyes on Pacific Ocean
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Giovanni da Verrazano: In 1525, he explored N. American coast for France
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Sir Francis Drake: In 1578, 1st Englishmen to circumnavigate the globe
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">John Cabot: In 1597, he explored the coast of North America for England
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Henry Hudson: In 1609, he sailed for the Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia; explored the Hudson River and made claims to the area for the Dutch
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Important inventions for exploration
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">The Sternpost rudder-invented in china; controls direction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Lateen Sails: Made ships resistent to wind; could sail in any direction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Astrolabe: A gps device that uses the sun and stars
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Magnetic Compass: Borrowed from Chinese, obtained from Arabs through trade; used for determining direction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Three-Masted Caravels: Large ships to hold more provisions and larger sails
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">B. GLOBAL TRADE INTERACTIONS IMPACTING POLITICAL STRUCTURE **<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">This company and others like it acted like <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">independent governments in the areas they were successful
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">[[image:sk-a-19.z.jpeg caption="Artist's depiction of a Dutch East India Company settlement"]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">British East India Company
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">This company, which had an important impact on the government in ENGLAND established a strong center in Calcutta India
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">This began the <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">presence of an British influence in India which would ultimately take complete control over the subcontinent.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Slave Trade
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">The slave trade strengthened certain Western African governments.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">While some countries opposed the slave trade, others used it towards their advantage
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">China
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">While China <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">did not need to trade at this time, it exported to Europe rather frequently
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Fine China Porcelain became a must have in Europe, sending a mass influx of silver profits to China
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Because of the lack of trade and foreign interaction, China's problems were <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">all internal
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> Opium War: British ends up taking advantage of China; sets up ports --> All of Europe taking advantage of China
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> The ports had extraterritoriality: The foreigners were exempt from China's laws and abided by their own country's laws
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Japan
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">During the 16th century, Japan was very open to trade
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">The Portugese established trade
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Christian Missionaries began to come in to the country, converting a good number of people
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">HOWEVER
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">With the beginning of the <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">Tokugawa Shogunate, also known as EDO Period, Japan became increasingly secluded
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Connections with the world were cut and Japan remained secluded for quite some time
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">While it was secluded, Japanese forms of art such as <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">Kabuki and the <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">haiku developed at this time