Political+revolutions+and+independence+movements;+new+political+ideas

What is nationalism?: Ex: nationalism drove resistance against European colonialism in India, China, and Africa, while it drive Europeans to compete with each other to promote national pride and wealth by establishing colonies in the first place. What are nation-states?: What are political reforms?: · Ex: Iran’s Constitutional Revolution tried to free it from foreign manipulation by writing a code of laws. Other Democratic movements : *However, during this time non-whites still could not vote and had limited freedoms.
 * In Mexico, the Creole Father Miguel de Hidalgo called on mestizos and Indians to assist him in a rebellion against Spain in 1810.
 * In 1821, Mexico declared its independence from Spain and in 1824, Mexico became a republic.
 * The Central American states, which had been part of Mexico, divided into separate independent nations in 1838.
 * Creole Simón Bolívar centered his movement for independence against Spain in Caracas
 * 1822, he had liberated Colombia, Ecuador , and Venezuela , uniting these regions into the nation he called Gran Colombia.
 * José de San Martín emerged as the independence leader from Río de la Plata. Río de la Plata declared its independence in 1816. San Martín then crossed into Chile to assist in its liberation.
 * In 1822, Dom Pedro declared Brazil independent after realizing that Brazil was about to lose its representative in the Portuguese parliament.
 * John Locke spoke of a social contract in which the people relinquished some of their rights to the government in order to establish order.
 * Governments had the responsibility of safeguarding the “unalienable” rights of “life, liberty, and property.”
 * The North American colonies had gradually developed their own identity since their founding in the early seventeenth century.
 * The American Revolution began in 1775 as a result of efforts from colonial leaders well versed in Enlightenment thought.
 * In 1776, the colonists set up a government that issued the Declaration of Independence . Thomas Jefferson altered the natural rights identified by John Locke to include “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
 * In 1787, the new United States of America wrote a constitution insuring the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances, both ideas were of the Enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu.
 * A Bill of Rights added a statement of individual liberties in keeping with Enlightenment principles.
 * Voting rights were increased and by the 1820s property right for voting had been abolished in the new states.
 * **PLACE** || ** FRENCH REVOLUTION ** || ** MEXICAN REVOLUTION **  ||
 * ** START OF REV. ** || the enlightenment began || Madero's uprising against Porferio Diaz ||
 * ** GOALS ** || citizens rose up against the government || wanted land reforms ||
 * || many citizens fought for rights in France || more power for native people ||
 * ** LEADER(S) ** || Louis XVI  ||  Francisco I, Madero , Rancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata   ||
 * Nationalism is an intense pride in one’s national culture or the desire of a people of a common cultural heritage to form an independent nation-state and/or empire that both represents and protects their shared cultural identity.
 * It can serve as both a positive and a negative force
 * Often promotes unity and can cause great political action among a group, and allow it to become unified.
 * A nation-state is a state whose people share a common culture and national identity.
 * Aimed to create countries in which the people are unified in every dimension; this also means that all countries are completely independent and autonomous.
 * A political reform is typically a movement aimed towards removing the faults of a government in political aspects.
 * RISE OF DEMOCRACY: **
 * Democracy: a political system in which the people rule. **
 * it was popular in newly freed colonies.
 * many had a goal of giving more citizens power.
 * democratic governments were very successful.
 * 1700’s: U.S. became a democratic state
 * Polish Constitution was formed.
 * Haitian Slave Revolution occurre d.
 * CENTRAL PROBLEMS OF DEMOCRACY (women’s rights, reforms) **
 * democratic states were very slow to reform
 * monarchies passed laws faster because 1 king decided on it.
 * In a democracy, a law must be passed by voting, and discussing it through many people, so it could take a lot longer.
 * For several years, only men could vote.
 * 1920: women=2 0gained the right to vote in New Zealand.