Rise+of+Western+dominance

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 * 1) http://www.historyhaven.com/APWH/unit%204/Rise%20of%20Western%20Dominance.htm
 * 2) The Princeton Review
 * 3) Stearns

**Cultural and Artistic Patterns of Expansion:**
 * Ottoman rulers tried to restore their power by introducing western reforms, including trials, rules of law, separation of church and state.
 * Young people were sent to France to learn modern military techniques and medicine.
 * Education reforms included textbooks written in French, and the army adopted French-style uniforms.
 * The decreasing Ottoman power and prosperity had a strong impact on well-educated young men who were against European domination of the empire's political, economic, and cultural life. Influenced by the Europeans, they began to call themselves the Young Turks.
 * A constitution was granted in 1876, but was later reversed under a new sultan. However the Young Turk movement continued on through the era.


 * Social/cultural imperialism: The dominating country deliberately tries to change customs, religions, and languages in other the countries. In British India, the English language was taught in schools, Indian soldiers dressed like the British, and western trading rules were set up.
 * Usually, the imperialist countries believed their cultures to be superior to others, and often times they considered themselves to be improving society.


 * ======In 1857, the Sepoy  Rebellion showed the British government how serious the problems in India were, and they responded by removing the British East India Company from control and declaring India a British colony. ======
 * ======British officials came to India to maintain control of its valuable raw materials for industry and trade, especially cotton and poppies for opium. ======
 * ======They expanded production, built factories in India, and constructed railroad, irrigation, and telegraph systems. ======

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia, serif;">Religion

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">By the 18th century, European Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church had largely recovered from the political and moral difficulties that had confronted it during the turbulent Reformation and Counter Reformations movements of the sixteenth century.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Spurred by the missionary zeal of the Jesuits and the colonial expansion of Catholic Spain, Portugal, and France, <span class="IL_SPAN"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">the Roman <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Catholic Church had gained new believers to make up for those it had earlier lost to the Protestants.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">By 1750, <span class="IL_SPAN"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">the Roman <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Catholic Church had faithful worshipers living on five continents and on the major islands that encircled them. Protestants were also spreading around the globe, although their numbers were much lower than those of the Catholic Church.

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia;">

Western Dominance

 * formed many colonies

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia, serif;">French Revolution

 * King Louis XIV ruled
 * Many wars caused huge debt
 * King Louis XIV had to raise taxes
 * to do so, he needed agreement from everyone so he called a meeting of the Estates General
 * Everyone in France was divided into three Estates
 * First Estate: clergy
 * Second Estate: noble families
 * Third Estate: everyone else like the peasants
 * Nobles decided they wanted to meet separately so Third Estate created the National Assembly.
 * The king became nervous and wanted all the Estates to meet together but it was too late
 * The peasants went to a huge prison, Bastille, in 1789.
 * They began attacking nobles and the revolution began

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia, serif;">Industrial Revolution
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 * ======<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">British Parliament passed a law called the Factory Act of 1883 ======
 * ======<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">limited working hours ======
 * ======<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">restricted children from working in factories ======
 * ======<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">made working conditions safer and cleaner ======
 * ======<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Labor unions were formed that demanded better working conditions or they would strike ======

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia, serif;">Opium Wars
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">British began trading opium to China
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">China didn't like this and the first Opium War began
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">British gained more trading rights and were allowed to trade opium to China despite China's wishes

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia, serif;">Economic

 * Western Europe's domination increased the economy drastically
 * the economy flourished because of the Industrial Revolution and scientific acheviements
 * a series of technological advancements in the production of clothing and weapons took place
 * transportation became quicker, easier, and more comfortable
 * more exporting and importing of goods
 * work done in factories was inexpensive, and increased Western Europe's economy
 * the Industrial Revolution spread to continental Europe and North American, which increased Western power not only economicly, but also militarially.
 * military technology increased
 * caused economic competetion and rivalries between European powers.
 * in the beginning of the 1800's, Britian dominated overseas trade, causing places like Belgium, France, and Germany to challenge Britian's industrial dominance.
 * but later, in the late 1800's, Europe experienced a series of economic depressions



<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia, serif;">Social

 * Western Dominance effected the social class
 * some of the biggest social changes, due to Western dominance, occurred in the family
 * women and childern became part of the working class, where they worked in factories with very dangerous conditions
 * this removed families from a traditional way of living
 * women of the middle and upper class remained isolated from the working class (factory workers), and focused on domestic aspects of life
 * industrialization caused a rise in new social classes
 * upper class- new aristocrats described people who were wealthy from their industrial success (as oposed to inheritance)
 * middle class- made up of managers, accountants, ministers, lawyers, doctors, and other professionals
 * lower class- peasant farmers in the countryside and factory workes in the cities

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia, serif;">Colonialism

 * Western Dominance and its colonialism
 * colonies were formed
 * they were seen as a back-up plan for raw material shortages and the loss of overseas market to rivials
 * colonialism occured in places like Africa and Latin America
 * the African colonies were governed by direct rule, and European officials were sent to watch over the boarders and to take over all positions of authority and control

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia, serif;">Neo-Colonialism

 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia, serif;">colonies were then inspired by the American and French Revolution, and decided to fight for their own independence
 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia, serif;">Latin American- Haitit
 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia, serif;">slave revolt; 1804- was the first to become independent in Latin America
 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia, serif;">after Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule
 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia, serif;">1820's- Mexico and Central America gained their independence
 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia, serif;">through these colonies gained their freedom, Enlightenment ideas didn't spread like planned

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,128); font-family: Georgia, serif;">Imperialism
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 * Western Europe dominated all over the world with imperialism
 * India
 * the Britsish wanted India's trade items like tea, sugar, and silk
 * The British East India Company took over the Mughals and set up authoritative regions all throughout their empire
 * China
 * 1839-1842: China and Britian fought over opium trade, the Opium War
 * British military technology surpassed the Chinese, forcing China to sign the Treaty of Nanjing
 * they fought a second Opium War in 1856 because of China's resistance to extend the opium trade even further
 * Africa
 * Europeans had a huge impact on Sahara, Egypt, and along the Mediterranean
 * the coast of Africa became very important to European trade, which caused Africa to become the center of slave trade
 * because of Enlightenment principles, slave trade was looked down upon and between 1807-1820, most Europeans abolished slave trade
 * the Berlin Conference was established in 1884 encouraged colonialism mainly for European political and economic advantag